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Alpha-GPC

Cognitive & Nootropic

Last reviewed: May 24, 2026

Also Known As: Alpha-glycerophosphocholine, L-alpha glyceryl-phosphorylcholine, choline alfoscerate, Gliatilin (the Italian prescription brand name)

Supplement Class: Choline-containing phospholipid / acetylcholine precursor

Evidence Tier: Strong for dementia populations — Parnetti et al. 1993 and De Jesus Moreno Moreno 2003's Italian RCTs, behind its prescription approval in Italy as Gliatilin. Moderate and mixed for healthy-adult exercise performance — Bellar et al. 2015 reports a significant lower-body isometric force effect after 6 days of loading; Marcus et al. 2017 reports a significant jump-power effect but no significant reaction-time or additional isometric-strength effect; the acute GH finding (Ziegenfuss et al. 2008) is a small, conference-proceedings-only report.

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What is Alpha-GPC?

Alpha-GPC (alpha-glycerophosphocholine) is reported in pharmacokinetic comparisons to be among the more bioavailable, brain-penetrant choline sources available as a supplement, outperforming choline bitartrate and CDP-choline for raising plasma and brain choline — the substrate the brain uses to synthesize acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter central to attention, memory, and learning. In Italy, Alpha-GPC is sold as a prescription drug (Gliatilin) for cognitive impairment and dementia; elsewhere it is available over-the-counter. The evidence base reviewed for this page includes a substantial Italian dementia-RCT foundation (Parnetti et al. 1993, De Jesus Moreno Moreno 2003), a small conference-proceedings report on acute exercise-coupled growth hormone response (Ziegenfuss et al. 2008), and two peer-reviewed exercise-performance trials with mixed results once checked against their own reported endpoints (Bellar et al. 2015, Marcus et al. 2017) — the latter reporting no significant reaction-time effect despite being commonly cited for that claim. Alpha-GPC is discussed alongside cognitive peptides that work through different pathways.

Reported benefits:

  • Among the more bioavailable choline sources for raising brain acetylcholine, per pharmacokinetic comparisons
  • Significant cognitive improvements in Alzheimer's-type dementia at clinical doses (Parnetti et al. 1993, De Jesus Moreno Moreno 2003)
  • A significant isometric lower-body force increase after 6 days of 600 mg/day loading (Bellar et al. 2015)
  • A significant jump-power effect at 250 mg over 7 days (Marcus et al. 2017)
  • A significant acute growth hormone AUC increase reported in a small conference-proceedings trial (Ziegenfuss et al. 2008)
  • Neuronal membrane support via the phosphatidylcholine precursor pathway
  • Substrate role in racetam stacks (piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam)

Common dose: 300–600 mg once daily for general use; a single 600 mg dose 90 minutes pre-workout in the Ziegenfuss et al. 2008 protocol; 600 mg/day for 6 days in the Bellar et al. 2015 protocol; 1,200 mg/day in divided doses for clinically supervised dementia research (not a healthy-user starting point).

Product-quality notes: Available over-the-counter from most supplement retailers. Quality is reported to vary — review the quality-markers checklist in the Product-quality considerations section below.

On this page
  1. 1.How does Alpha-GPC work?
  2. 2.What does the evidence say Alpha-GPC does?
  3. 3.How is Alpha-GPC dosed in trials and on labels?
  4. 4.How Alpha-GPC is taken
  5. 5.What does Alpha-GPC stack with?
  6. 6.Side effects and interactions
  7. 7.How is Alpha-GPC stored?
  8. 8.What isn't established about Alpha-GPC
  9. 9.Product-quality considerations
  10. 10.Alpha-GPC FAQ
  11. 11.References
  12. 12.Published Studies

How does Alpha-GPC work?

Alpha-GPC is reported to work through two parallel mechanisms: raising brain acetylcholine by supplying bioavailable choline that crosses the blood-brain barrier, and providing glycerophosphocholine, a structural precursor used to build phosphatidylcholine in neuronal cell membranes.

  1. Acetylcholine precursor. Alpha-GPC is reported to be absorbed efficiently from the gut and cross the blood-brain barrier, where it is hydrolyzed to free choline and glycerophosphate. The free choline pool is then used by choline acetyltransferase to synthesize acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter discussed in the literature as central to attention, working memory, and the cholinergic system implicated in Alzheimer's disease.
  2. Choline bioavailability. Pharmacokinetic comparisons in the literature report Alpha-GPC raising plasma and brain choline levels more than choline bitartrate or CDP-choline at matched doses — discussed as the reason Alpha-GPC is the choline source used in the clinical dementia trials cited above rather than cheaper alternatives.
  3. Neuronal membrane support. Glycerophosphocholine is a direct precursor to phosphatidylcholine, the dominant phospholipid in neuronal cell membranes. Longer-term supplementation is discussed as supporting membrane fluidity and the lipid environment cholinergic signaling depends on.
  4. Cholinergic stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The acute growth hormone response reported in the Ziegenfuss et al. 2008 conference report is attributed to cholinergic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. This effect is reported as exercise-coupled — the trial tested Alpha-GPC alongside a resistance-exercise stimulus, not at rest.

What does the evidence say Alpha-GPC does?

Alpha-GPC has a substantial evidence base for a cognitive supplement. The strongest published evidence reviewed for this page is in dementia populations (the Italian RCTs behind its prescription approval in Italy); the acute exercise/GH literature is a small conference report; the healthy-adult performance literature shows a mixed picture once each trial's actual endpoints are checked against its abstract.

  1. Dementia and cognitive impairment (Strong). Parnetti et al. 1993 (n=126) and De Jesus Moreno Moreno 2003 report significant improvements in cognitive assessment scores at 1,200 mg/day over 90–180 days in Alzheimer's-type dementia — the evidence base behind Alpha-GPC's prescription approval in Italy as Gliatilin.
  2. Acute growth hormone response in exercise (Emerging — small n, conference report). Ziegenfuss et al. 2008 reports a significantly greater growth hormone area-under-curve and significantly greater peak force in bench press throws with a single 600 mg dose 90 minutes pre-exercise, in a 7-person sample published as conference proceedings rather than a full peer-reviewed article.
  3. Isometric lower-body force after 6 days of supplementation (Moderate). Bellar et al. 2015 (n=13) reports a significant increase in isometric mid-thigh pull peak force after 600 mg/day for 6 days versus placebo; the upper-body isometric measure did not reach statistical significance in the same trial.
  4. Jump power at lower doses (Moderate, mixed). Marcus et al. 2017 (n=48) reports a significant group difference in countermovement jump velocity and mechanical power favoring the 250 mg dose over 7 days, but reports no significant difference in isometric strength or psychomotor vigilance task (reaction time) performance across any dose — a finding that runs against the popular framing of Alpha-GPC as improving reaction time in this specific trial.
  5. Reaction time and attention in healthy adults (Weaker than commonly claimed). The Marcus et al. 2017 trial specifically reported no significant psychomotor vigilance task effect at either 250 mg or 500 mg, despite being the trial most commonly cited for this claim in supplement marketing; this page reports that null result rather than repeating the claim.
  6. Nootropic stack rationale (Mechanism-based, not RCT-tested as a combination). Alpha-GPC is widely used as the cholinergic substrate in racetam stacks (piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam) because racetams are discussed as increasing acetylcholine receptor activity without supplying substrate. RCT evidence for the combined stack specifically is limited in the sources reviewed for this page.

How is Alpha-GPC dosed in trials and on labels?

Dose in the trials reviewed depends on the goal: cognitive/general use, an acute pre-exercise protocol, a multi-day pre-exercise loading protocol, or a clinically supervised dementia protocol.

Prof. Peptide reports what trials established and what research communities practice, labelled separately. Neither is a recommendation.

  1. General/cognitive use. 300–600 mg once daily is the common labeled range, though the specific psychomotor-performance trial (Marcus et al. 2017) did not find a significant reaction-time effect at 250 mg or 500 mg over 7 days.
  2. Acute pre-exercise (Ziegenfuss et al. 2008 protocol). A single 600 mg dose 90 minutes before resistance exercise — a small (n=7) conference report, not a full peer-reviewed trial.
  3. Multi-day pre-exercise loading (Bellar et al. 2015 protocol). 600 mg/day for 6 consecutive days before isometric force testing.
  4. Clinical dementia research. 1,200 mg/day in divided doses (commonly 400 mg three times daily) under clinical supervision, per Parnetti et al. 1993 and De Jesus Moreno Moreno 2003 — not the dose range studied in healthy adults.

Reported timeline: subjective focus effects are reported within 30–60 minutes of dosing by some users, though this is not a specific trial endpoint reviewed for this page. The acute exercise/GH effect in Ziegenfuss et al. 2008 was measured within the same training session. The Bellar et al. 2015 force effect required 6 days of loading.

Label math. Some products list "Alpha-GPC complex" or a standardized-extract percentage rather than actual Alpha-GPC content — a 300 mg capsule of "Alpha-GPC complex" may contain meaningfully less than 300 mg of the active compound.

How Alpha-GPC is taken

Alpha-GPC is taken orally, typically as a capsule or softgel. Powder is available but is hygroscopic (see Storage). The table below reports what the cited trials and labels describe.

AspectReported
FrequencyOnce daily for general use; a single dose 90 minutes pre-exercise or a multi-day loading protocol in the exercise trials cited above.
Time of dayMorning is a commonly labeled pattern for general use; pre-training for the exercise protocols. Some users report sleep disruption with evening dosing.
FoodAbsorption is not reported as strongly food-dependent in the sources reviewed.
FormCapsules are commonly preferred over powder, which is hygroscopic and clumps in humid air. Softgels are also used.
Standardization markerPowder labels commonly disclose a "50% Alpha-GPC" standardization (1 g powder = 500 mg active). Capsule labels vary in whether they state actual Alpha-GPC mg versus a "complex" mass figure.
CyclingNo cycling protocol appears in the cited trials for daily use.

What does Alpha-GPC stack with?

Alpha-GPC is discussed as a stack-friendly cholinergic substrate that other cognitive interventions either require (racetams) or work alongside (nootropic peptides).

With peptides

Alpha-GPC is discussed alongside the cognitive peptide cluster. Semax (an ACTH(4-10) analog) is reported to modulate BDNF and neurotrophic signaling. Selank (a tuftsin analog) is reported to provide anxiolytic and mild nootropic effects through GABA modulation. Neither peptide directly increases acetylcholine; Alpha-GPC is discussed as supplying the cholinergic substrate at a different mechanistic layer.

With supplements

  1. Lion's Mane — reported BDNF/NGF stimulation, a common nootropic pairing with Alpha-GPC's acetylcholine supply.
  2. L-theanine — reported alpha-wave focus support, often paired with Alpha-GPC and caffeine.
  3. Phosphatidylserine — a reported cortisol-blunting and membrane-support mechanism, complementary to Alpha-GPC.
  4. Bacopa monnieri — reported long-term memory consolidation over a different timescale.
  5. Racetams (piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam) — not covered on this site, but commonly stacked in the nootropic community; racetams are discussed as increasing acetylcholine receptor activity while Alpha-GPC supplies the substrate.

With lifestyle factors

  1. Timing relative to cognitive work. Some users report dosing 30–60 minutes before demanding cognitive tasks, though this is not a specific trial protocol reviewed for this page.
  2. Training timing. 90 minutes pre-workout in the Ziegenfuss et al. 2008 protocol, or 6 days of daily loading in the Bellar et al. 2015 protocol.
  3. Caffeine. A commonly discussed pairing — caffeine raises arousal via adenosine antagonism, Alpha-GPC raises acetylcholine availability. Total stimulant load is the relevant consideration.
  4. Evening dosing. Some users report sleep disruption with evening dosing.

Side effects and interactions

Alpha-GPC shows favorable tolerability at typical doses across the trials cited on this page. The main considerations reported are short-term GI/headache effects and longer-term total-choline considerations (TMAO, and a TSH-suppression signal reported in one trial).

Common (mostly transient)

  1. Headache — reported most often at higher single doses (600 mg+) or when combined with other cholinergic agents.
  2. Mild GI discomfort — nausea or stomach upset, reported to resolve with food or dose reduction.
  3. Dizziness or mild brain fog at very high doses (above 1,200 mg) is reported anecdotally.
  4. Sleep disruption with evening dosing is reported by some users.

Less common (watch-list)

  1. Fishy body odor at sustained high total choline intake (Alpha-GPC plus other dietary choline sources) — attributed to trimethylamine production.
  2. Elevated TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) — an observational link to cardiovascular risk is reported; causality and dose-response in humans remain debated in the literature. A consideration for people with known cardiovascular disease.
  3. Suppressed serum TSH. Marcus et al. 2017 reports significantly suppressed TSH in the 500 mg Alpha-GPC group versus other conditions (p<0.04) — a finding not previously reported in this page's evidence base and a reason for thyroid-panel awareness in people on thyroid medication or with thyroid conditions.
  4. Lower mood or irritability is reported anecdotally in a subset of sensitive users.

Drug and supplement interactions

  1. Anticholinergic medications (some antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, certain bladder medications) — Alpha-GPC's pro-cholinergic effect may partially oppose these drugs; clinician coordination is standard guidance for chronic anticholinergic therapy users.
  2. Cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine) — an additive cholinergic effect is reported; clinician coordination is standard guidance.
  3. Other high-choline supplements (CDP-choline, choline bitartrate, phosphatidylcholine, lecithin) — combining is reported as generally compatible, with total choline load as the relevant consideration.
  4. Thyroid medications — given the TSH-suppression finding above, thyroid-panel monitoring is a reasonable consideration for concurrent use.
  5. Stimulants (caffeine, modafinil, ADHD medications) — discussed as synergistic for focus, with total stimulant load as the relevant consideration.

How is Alpha-GPC stored?

Alpha-GPC is hygroscopic — it draws moisture from the air aggressively. This is the most relevant storage consideration for the powder form; capsules are largely protected by the shell but still benefit from proper storage.

  1. Capsules and softgels: labels commonly specify room-temperature storage in the original sealed container, used within 6–12 months of opening.
  2. Powder (bulk): labels commonly recommend transferring to a small airtight container with a fresh desiccant pack immediately on opening, and avoiding high-humidity rooms. Clumping affects dosing accuracy but is not reported as a safety concern.
  3. Labels commonly warn against storage in direct sunlight or above 25°C / 77°F for extended periods.
  4. Heavily caked or discolored powder is commonly recommended for discard, since moisture absorption can support surface microbial growth.
  5. Reported shelf life: typically 18–24 months from manufacture when sealed; 6–12 months after opening for capsules.

What isn't established about Alpha-GPC

Alpha-GPC has strong evidence in dementia populations, but the healthy-adult performance literature is thinner and more mixed than commonly represented once each trial's actual reported endpoints are checked.

Long-term safety in healthy adults. Most of the high-dose evidence (1,200 mg/day) reviewed for this page comes from 3–6 month dementia trials. Multi-year daily use in healthy users has not been directly studied in the sources reviewed.

TMAO and cardiovascular signal. High dietary or supplemental choline can raise serum TMAO via gut microbial metabolism, and observational studies link elevated TMAO to cardiovascular risk. The dose-response relationship, the role of individual microbiome composition, and whether intervention-driven TMAO changes meaningfully affect clinical events in healthy users remain open questions in the literature reviewed.

Reaction-time and psychomotor evidence. The trial most specifically designed to test reaction time and psychomotor performance (Marcus et al. 2017) reported no significant effect at either dose tested. Claims that Alpha-GPC reliably improves reaction time in healthy adults are not supported by that trial's own reported results.

The acute GH finding's evidentiary weight. The Ziegenfuss et al. 2008 growth-hormone finding comes from a 7-person conference-proceedings report rather than a full peer-reviewed journal article with a complete methods and results section. The directional finding (elevated GH AUC, elevated bench-press-throw peak force) is a real reported result, but the small sample and conference-only publication format are relevant caveats.

TSH suppression. Marcus et al. 2017's reported TSH suppression at 500 mg is a single-trial finding not replicated elsewhere in the sources reviewed for this page; its clinical significance for people with normal versus impaired thyroid function is not established.

Dose-response above 600 mg. Most of the healthy-adult trial evidence reviewed uses doses at or below 600 mg. Whether 1,200 mg (the dementia-trial dose) adds benefit, is neutral, or introduces different effects in healthy populations has not been tested in the sources reviewed.

Product-quality considerations

Alpha-GPC is available over-the-counter in most markets (prescription-only in Italy, where it is sold as Gliatilin). Quality is reported to vary, particularly around standardization disclosure and label accuracy.

Quality markers reported in the category

  • Actual Alpha-GPC content disclosed per capsule — rather than an undifferentiated "Alpha-GPC complex" mass figure.
  • 50% standardization disclosure on powders — confirms the powder is the active form rather than a diluted carrier blend.
  • Third-party testing — USP, NSF, or ConsumerLab certification for independent verification.
  • No proprietary blends that obscure the actual Alpha-GPC dose alongside fillers.
  • Fresh manufacture date — a relevant check given the compound's hygroscopic nature.
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Alpha-GPC FAQ

How does Alpha-GPC compare to CDP-choline?

Both raise brain acetylcholine, through different routes. Alpha-GPC delivers choline plus glycerophosphocholine, a phosphatidylcholine precursor used in neuronal membranes. CDP-choline (citicoline) delivers choline plus cytidine, which converts to uridine — a separate pathway discussed in the literature as relevant to dopamine receptor density. Pharmacokinetic comparisons in the literature report Alpha-GPC raising plasma and brain choline faster and to a higher level, while CDP-choline is reported to produce a smaller but longer plasma peak.

Does Alpha-GPC raise growth hormone?

A conference-proceedings report by Ziegenfuss, Landis, and Hofheins (2008, J Int Soc Sports Nutr) in 7 healthy men reports that a single 600 mg dose taken 90 minutes before lower-body resistance exercise produced a significantly greater area under the curve for growth hormone versus placebo, alongside significantly greater peak force during a series of bench press throws (no significant change in peak velocity or peak power). This is a small conference-abstract report (n=7) rather than a full peer-reviewed journal article, and the effect described is acute and exercise-coupled — the trial did not test resting GH levels without an exercise stimulus.

Is daily long-term use supported by the evidence?

Short-to-medium-term daily use is reported as well-tolerated in the published literature, including 1,200 mg/day for 3–6 months in dementia trials (De Jesus Moreno Moreno 2003, Parnetti et al. 1993). Multi-year daily use in healthy adults has not been directly studied in the sources reviewed for this page. Total choline intake from other dietary sources (eggs, organ meats, multivitamins, other choline supplements) is a relevant consideration alongside any Alpha-GPC dose.

Does Alpha-GPC raise TMAO?

Potentially modestly, and the effect is reported to depend substantially on individual gut microbiome composition, not just choline intake. TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) is produced when gut bacteria metabolize dietary choline, which the liver then oxidizes. Observational studies link elevated blood TMAO to cardiovascular risk, though causality and the dose-response relationship in humans remain debated in the literature. Clinician input is standard guidance for people with established cardiovascular disease or known elevated TMAO before high-dose, long-term supplementation.

Why does Alpha-GPC powder clump?

Alpha-GPC is hygroscopic — it draws moisture from the air. Capsules largely isolate the compound from atmospheric humidity via the shell; powder is more exposed. Labels for powder forms commonly recommend transferring to an airtight container with a desiccant pack after opening, and storage away from high-humidity rooms. Clumping affects dosing accuracy but is not reported as a safety concern.

Does Alpha-GPC stack with Semax or Selank?

The mechanisms are reported as complementary. Semax (an ACTH(4-10) analog) is reported to modulate BDNF and neurotrophic signaling. Selank (a tuftsin analog) is reported to provide anxiolytic and mild nootropic effects via GABA modulation. Neither peptide directly increases acetylcholine; Alpha-GPC supplies that substrate. No negative interaction is documented in the sources reviewed for this page.

What doses appear in the cognitive vs. exercise trials?

Cognitive-focused trials in healthy adults and the trial-derived pattern for daily use commonly use 300–600 mg once daily. The Ziegenfuss et al. 2008 conference report used a single 600 mg dose 90 minutes before training. Dementia research (Parnetti et al. 1993, De Jesus Moreno Moreno 2003) used 1,200 mg/day in divided doses under clinical supervision — not the dose range used in healthy-adult trials.

Does the evidence support Alpha-GPC for ADHD?

Not directly. The cholinergic system is involved in attention regulation, but ADHD is described in the clinical literature as predominantly a dopamine/norepinephrine-mediated condition, and controlled trial evidence for Alpha-GPC specifically in ADHD populations is thin in the sources reviewed for this page.

References

  1. Parnetti L, Abate G, Bartorelli L, et al. Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Drugs Aging. 1993;3(2):159-164. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8477148/
  2. De Jesus Moreno Moreno M. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2003;25(1):178-193. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12637119/
  3. Ziegenfuss T, Landis J, Hofheins J. Acute supplementation with alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine augments growth hormone response to, and peak force production during, resistance exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5(Suppl 1):P15 (conference proceedings; no PMID assigned). https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-5-S1-P15
  4. Bellar D, LeBlanc NR, Campbell B. The effect of 6 days of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on isometric strength. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26582972/
  5. Marcus L, Soileau J, Judge LW, Bellar D. Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29042830/
  6. Kawamura T, Okubo T, Sato K, et al. Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adults. Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1122-1126. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22673596/

Published Studies

Plain-English summaries of the peer-reviewed studies behind the claims above. Click any title to read the source paper.

Drugs & Aging · 1993Paywalled
Multicentre Study of L-Alpha-Glyceryl-Phosphorylcholine vs ST200 Among Patients with Probable Senile Dementia of Alzheimer's Type →

Parnetti L, Abate G, Bartorelli L, Cucinotta D, Cuzzupoli M, Maggioni M, Villardita C, Senin U

A multicentre, randomized, controlled trial comparing L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine (Alpha-GPC) against ST200 (acetyl-L-carnitine) in 126 patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type, evaluated via behavioral scales.

Clinical Therapeutics · 2003Paywalled
Cognitive Improvement in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Dementia After Treatment with the Acetylcholine Precursor Choline Alfoscerate: A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial →

De Jesus Moreno Moreno M

A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 1,200 mg/day Alpha-GPC in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's dementia over 180 days, reporting statistically significant improvements in cognitive assessment scores versus placebo.

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (conference proceedings) · 2008Open Access
Acute Supplementation with Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine Augments Growth Hormone Response to, and Peak Force Production During, Resistance Exercise →

Ziegenfuss T, Landis J, Hofheins J

A conference-proceedings report (not a full peer-reviewed article) in 7 healthy men given a single 600 mg dose of Alpha-GPC or placebo 90 minutes before resistance exercise. Reports a significantly greater area under the curve for growth hormone with Alpha-GPC, and significantly greater peak force during bench press throws, with no significant change in peak velocity or peak power. This citation has no PMID; the DOI above resolves to the publisher record.

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2015Open Access
The Effect of 6 Days of Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine on Isometric Strength →

Bellar D, LeBlanc NR, Campbell B

A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in 13 college-aged males, testing 600 mg/day of Alpha-GPC for 6 days versus placebo. Reports a significant increase in isometric mid-thigh pull peak force change from baseline (p=0.044) with Alpha-GPC; the upper-body isometric test trended toward improvement but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.127).

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2017Open Access
Evaluation of the Effects of Two Doses of Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine on Physical and Psychomotor Performance →

Marcus L, Soileau J, Judge LW, Bellar D

A trial in 48 healthy college-aged males comparing 250 mg and 500 mg Alpha-GPC against placebo and caffeine over 7 days of supplementation. Reports no significant group differences in isometric mid-thigh pull, upper-body isometric strength, or psychomotor vigilance task performance. Reports a significant group difference in countermovement jump maximum velocity and mechanical power, with the 250 mg group showing the largest improvement, and significantly suppressed serum TSH in the 500 mg group versus other conditions (p<0.04).

AcetylcholineCholineCognitivePre-Workout GHRx in Italy

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